Documented record · well documented
Jacobabad, Sindh
June peak wet-bulb temperature · Pakistan
Raymond, Matthews and Horton (2020) identified Jacobabad as one of very few stations worldwide to have briefly exceeded a 35 °C wet-bulb temperature — the theoretical limit of human survivability — decades earlier than models had projected.
Why a record is measured against the place
A number on its own says very little. 35 °C wet-bulb would be unremarkable in one climate and unthinkable in another. What makes a record matter is its distance from what that place, at that time of year, has historically produced — its own normal.
Not Normal expresses that distance in standard deviations (σ) from a thirty-year baseline. Two σ above normal is reached in roughly 1 year in 44 under the baseline climate; four σ above, roughly 1 year in 32,000.
Modelled demonstration series · not observed data
The same place on the field
Not Normal carries a modelled 75-year series for Jacobabad, Sindh (June peak wet-bulb temperature) that demonstrates the reasoning above. It is synthesised from published climatology, not observed, and is kept apart from the documented record on this page.
The season here
Pre-monsoon June combines extreme heat with moisture advected from the Arabian Sea — the specific combination that produces high wet-bulb readings.
Other documented records
Open Jacobabad on the field →